PEER Reports

PEER Reports

Influence of Vertical Ground Motion on Bridges Isolated with Spherical Sliding Bearings, PEER Report 2019/08

Rushil Mojidra
Keri L. Ryan
2019

The motivation for this project developed from testing of a full scale building isolated with triple friction pendulum bearings on the E-defense shake table in Japan. The test demonstrated experimentally that the vertical component of ground motion can amplify both the base shear and the story acceleration in the isolated building. Vertical shaking introduced high-frequency variation in the axial force of the bearings, and, consequently, a high-frequency component in the bearing lateral force, which excited higher structural modes in the building. Since vertical bridges are flexible in the...

PEER Hub ImageNet (ϕ - Net): A Large-Scale Multi-Attribute Benchmark Dataset of Structural Images, PEER Report 2019/07

Yuqing Gao
Khalid M. Mosalam
2019

In this data explosion epoch, data-driven structural health monitoring (SHM) and rapid damage assessment after natural hazards have become of great interest in civil engineering research. This report introduces deep-learning (DL) approaches and their application to structural engineering, such as post-disaster structural reconnaissance and vision-based SHM. Using DL in vision-based SHM is a relatively new research direction in civil engineering. As researchers begin to apply these concepts to structural engineering concerns, two critical issues remain to be addressed: (1) the lack of a...

Fluid-Structure Interaction and Python-Scripting Capabilities in OpenSees, PEER Report 2019/06

Minjie Zhu
Michael H. Scott
2019

Building upon recent advances in OpenSees, the goals of this project are to expand the framework’s Python scripting capabilities and to further develop its fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulation capabilities, which are based on the particle finite-element method (PFEM). At its inception, the FSI modules in OpenSees were based on Python scripting. To accomplish FSI simulations in OpenSees, Python commands have been added for a limited number of pre-existing element and material commands, e.g., linear-elastic triangle elements and beam–column elements with Concrete01/Steel01 fiber...

Expected Earthquake Performance of Buildings Designed to the California Building Code (brochure), PEER Report 2019/05, (California Alfred E. Alquist Seismic Safety Commission Publication 19-01)

Grace S. Kang
Sifat Muin
Jorge Archbold
Bitanoosh Woods
Khalid Mosalam
2019

The brochure explains the intent of the California Building Code, the expected performance of code-compliant new buildings when they are subjected to moderate and large earthquakes, possible consequences to residents, businesses, and communities, and initial proactive actions that can be taken.

“This publication combines information from the earthquake engineering community as well as policy and community officials, and it incorporates input from SSC’s commissioners and staff, whose valuable feedback reflected their diverse range of expertise and experience,” said Grace Kang, PEER...

Aftershock Seismic Vulnerability and Time-Dependent Risk Assessment of Bridges, PEER Report 2019/04

Sujith Mangalathu
Mehrdad Shokrabadi
Henry V. Burton
2019

The time-dependent seismic risk of bridges is assessed while account accounting for the effect of aftershocks and the uncertainty in the damage state after a mainshock event. To achieve this, a Markov risk-assessment framework is adopted to account for the probabilistic transition of the bridge structure through different damage states and time-dependent aftershock hazard. The methodology is applied to three typical California bridge configurations that differ only based on their era of design and construction. Era 11, Era 22, and Era 33 designations are used for the three bridges, which...

Ground-Motion Directivity Modeling for Seismic Hazard Applications, PEER 2019/03

Jennifer L. Donahue
Jonathan P. Stewart
Nicolas Gregor
Yousef Bozorgnia
2019

We reviewed five models for modifying the natural log mean and within-event standard deviation of ground-motion models (GMMs) to account for directivity effects in the near-fault environment. We found broad consistency for strike–slip ruptures, with positive and negative directivity effects for cases of rupture towards and away from a site of interest, respectively. We found substantial divergence among directivity models for reverse slip, with some providing maximum directivity for sites positioned to experience the peak alignment of rupture direction with the fault-slip direction (this...

Direct-Finite-Element Method for Nonlinear Earthquake Analysis of Concrete Dams Including Dam–Water–Foundation Rock Interaction, PEER Report 2019/02

Arnkjell Løkke
Anil Chopra
2019

Evaluating the seismic performance of concrete dams requires nonlinear dynamic analysis of two- or three-dimensional dam–water–foundation rock systems that include all the factors known to be significant in the earthquake response of dams. Such analyses are greatly complicated by interaction between the structure, the impounded reservoir and the deformable foundation rock that supports it, and the fact that the fluid and foundation domains extend to large distances. Presented in this report is the development of a direct finite-element (FE) method for nonlinear earthquake analysis of two-...

Flow-Failure Case History of the Las Palmas, Chile, Tailings Dam, PEER Report 2019/01

R. E. S. Moss
T. R. Gebhart
J. D. Frost
C. Ledezma
2019

This report documents the flow failure of the Las Palmas tailings dam that was induced by the 27 February 2010 Maule Chile M8.8 earthquake. The Las Palmas site is located in Central Chile in Region VII near the town of Talca. Construction of the tailings dam occurred between 1998 as part of a gold mining operation and was no longer in active use.

The ground shaking from the earthquake induced liquefaction of the saturated tailings material and resulted in a flow failure that ran out upwards of 350 m, flowing downslope in two directions. This report is broken into three sections:...

Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Dry Specimens (PEER-CEA Project), Project 2020-17

Brandon Schiller
Tara Hutchinson
Kelly Cobeen
2020

This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.”

The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis,...

Hybrid Simulations for the Seismic Evaluation of Resilient Highway Bridge Systems, PEER Report 2020-11

Yingjie Wu
Selim Gunay
Khalid M. Mosalam
2020

Bridges often serve as key links in local and national transportation networks. Bridge closures can result in severe costs, not only in the form of repair or replacement, but also in the form of economic losses related to medium- and long-term interruption of businesses and disruption to surrounding communities. In addition, continuous functionality of bridges is very important after any seismic event for emergency response and recovery purposes. Considering the importance of these structures, the associated structural design philosophy is shifting from collapse prevention to maintaining...